The Static Universe Hypothesis: Theoretical Basis and Observational Tests of the Hypothesis

From the axiom of the unrestricted repeatability of all experiments, Bondi and Gold (also Hoyle) argued that the universe is in a stable, selfperpetuating equilibrium state. Their reasoning extends the usual cosmological principle to the perfect cosmological principle in which the universe looks the same from any location at any time. By itself, the perfect cosmological principle predicts the universe is static and in an equilibrium state. However, Bondi and Gold rejected the static universe prediction for two reasons: First, they believed the universe was expanding because of the Hubble redshift. Second, the universe appeared to be far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, they hypothesized that the universe was expanding and in a steady-state. The steady-state universe is an expanding universe model in which matter is created. As the galaxies recede, new galaxies form from the created matter and maintain the universe in a stationary state. Instead of the steady-state model or the current Friedmann-Walker expanding universe model, I hypothesize that the universe is static and in an equilibrium state (non-evolving) as predicted by the perfect cosmological principle. New physics is proposed based on the concept that the universe is a pure wave system. Based on the new physics and assuming a static universe, new processes are derived for the Hubble redshift and the cosmic background radiation field. A new time-dilation process is proposed as the cause of the anomalous dimming of Type Ia supernovae at high z. This process is based on the Hubble redshift increasing the period of the supernovae luminosity curve in the observer’s rest frame. In turn, the increase in the period reduces the luminosity of supernovae by 1/(1+z). Furthermore, since this process is independent of the cause of the Hubble redshift, the new time-dilation